Manifesto for a national coalition: Difference between revisions
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For the French Canadians, the profit to be withdrawn from this symbolic displacement is substantial. For example: to withdraw their nationalism from the charges of ethnicism, to insert their culture in vaster horizons, to reinforce the francophonie, to put an end to any form exclusion or of discrimination. Other reasons militate in favour of the coalition project. During the last decades, Quebec chose to receive a lot of immigrants. To be consequent, it should now provide them a possibility of integration equal to that of citizens from old ascent. Moreover, Bill 101 obliges the Neo-Quebecers to be francized. Is it acceptable that at the end of this exercise, the latter be in spite of this still marginalized? | For the French Canadians, the profit to be withdrawn from this symbolic displacement is substantial. For example: to withdraw their nationalism from the charges of ethnicism, to insert their culture in vaster horizons, to reinforce the francophonie, to put an end to any form exclusion or of discrimination. Other reasons militate in favour of the coalition project. During the last decades, Quebec chose to receive a lot of immigrants. To be consequent, it should now provide them a possibility of integration equal to that of citizens from old ascent. Moreover, Bill 101 obliges the Neo-Quebecers to be francized. Is it acceptable that at the end of this exercise, the latter be in spite of this still marginalized? | ||
The model which this project of national coalition implies has caused some reticence which bring one to wonder what French Canadians could lose in it. Initially, let us recall that during the last two centuries, and like everywhere else, the symbolic contents of the nation never ceased moving in French Canada and Quebec. Each generation sought to redefine them to adapt them to the new data of the hour, to better reactualize, within the nation, the articulation between the heritage and the project. The same task is essential today. In what would this heritage be threatened by the displacement above mentioned? In what would it be it synonymous with uprootedness, desistance or alienation? The culture, the identity, the memory of the French Canadians will survive, but within a nationality extended, according to an intercultural dynamics. For the remainder, they will always have the protection conferred by Bill 101 and will be present in the nation because of their demographic weight (dominating), of their dynamism, their creativity, their will of assertion, the central place which they already occupy in the management of the public and private institutions. Lastly, from the perspective a Quebec nation, what prevents them from continuing to militate for the sovereignty of Quebec? And in what would this project be compromised (let us recall that, up to now, a very important resistance came from the French Canadians themselves)? | |||
==Le sort de la mémoire== | ==Le sort de la mémoire== | ||
Revision as of 20:28, 30 September 2007
Building the Quebec nation
Manifeste pour une coalition nationale
This proposition calls upon a new dialogue between Franco-Quebecers, Anglo-Quebecers, Aboriginals and cultural communities
Gérard Bouchard
Professeur au département des sciences humaines à l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi
Le samedi 4 septembre 1999
In the debate on the national question in Quebec, there are two approaches that must be carefully distinguished. The first aims at reaching an agreement on the main constitutive elements of an integration mode, that is to say: a membership framework open to all members of Quebec society, independently of their political opinions or their ethnic or religious allegiances, so that no citizen be a priori excluded from it. The question here is to trace the general beacons suitable the founding of a common life, in an attempt to think in all its complexity the new cultural reality of Quebec. All pluriethnic societies are at present confronted with this challenge. The second approach relates to the strategies to promote in order to ensure the development of Quebec inside this general framework. Here partisan or political orientations, constitutional choices, intervene, including all the variants of the sovereignist and federalist theses. In this respect, we think that sovereignty, far from being an "interference", is the orientation to be privileged. However, taking into account the objective of this series ("To think the nation"), we will treat mainly of the first approach by presenting our conception of the Quebec nation understood as a general framework for integration. Since a few years, this subject has given place to rich and varied exchanges in Quebec. We wish to add this note to it, in the form of a proposal.
A proposition for a national coalition
The Quebec nation exists in part as a reality and in part as a project. As a reality, she takes the form of a North American francophonie, defined initially by a language, namely the command of French as mother tongue or adoptive language, second or third. This reference to language as a common denominator is in accord with an established fact: 93 % of the Inhabitants of Quebec declare speaking French (it is also the proportion of Americans who declares speaking English). Are added to that, as preliminary constitutive components, values universal in character, fundamental rights, democratic rules.
Some will object, with good reason, that these data - in particular the practice of a common language - are not enough to found an identity, and even less a national culture. To that, we reply that it is necessary to see things from a dynamic perspective, i.e. in the long run. Thus, language must be regarded as a starting point, as the first condition of the new culture to be edified by investing it with all the diversity of traditions, of cultures already present in our society. It is the vector which opens a door to interactions, to common experiences called in the long run to nourish a true Quebec identity. The young French-speaking people born after Bill 101, for example, represent an original figure (among others) of this identity in formation. In the same spirit, the national aspirations aim for much more than the survival of the French language. The stake extends to a culture and a society to be implemented. All things considered, the language does not hold the place of culture but it provides the bed for it. The Quebec culture will be made from the conjugation (in French) of the current mosaic, from which, over time, a new collective configuration will emerge. In the same way, the universal values mentioned above must be rooted in a history, in a particular cultural environment, according to an original equation.
As a project, the model of the Quebec nation calls upon a coalition of partners who currently occupy this territory. The are: Franco-Quebecers (the French Canadians descending from the inhabitants of New France and all those who assimilated to it since long enough to reflect all their cultural traits), Anglo-Quebecers, Aboriginals and what it is agreed up to call the cultural communities. This proposal of a national coalition invites to restructure the framework of the discussions in progress and it calls upon a new dialogue from which should result little by little the elements of a consensus. As the majority group, it is upon to Franco-Quebecers to take the initiative on this and to assume the leadership. But, once again, it will be necessary to put all the necessary time and efforts at it: there is enough to keep a whole generation and more busy on the task. Moreover, it would be useless to seek to build quickly and artificially a new allegedly national identity which, in final analysis, would do nothing but exacerbate the differences by putting all the ethnic groups on the defencive. It would be better to first agree on social values and collective projects to be promoted jointly, concretely. History - the small one and the great one - will do the rest.
Et la vieille identité canadienne-française?
This proposal for a national coalition is founded on three principles: a concerted integration, plural identities, an adherence by affiliation (individual transfers) as well as by filiation (ethnic continuity). Can one see in this but an artifice likely to compromise the oldest French-Canadian tradition and even the sovereignist project? Like each one of the projected partners, the French Canadians will bring to the new francophonie their own symbolic system, their vision of the world, their manner. Like the other partners, they will affirm their way of being Quebecers (their ethnicity), of which the common dynamics will be nourished, but in the absence of a formal hierarchy, preestablished, of which they would benefit - except the status that Bill 101 grants the French language, in agreement with the French-speaking character of the nation. Like the others also, they will be able to preserve their identity, their memory, but following a displacement which opens the French-speaking space to other ethnic presences, to other cultural assertions, in a spirit of pluralism and interaction. By doing this, they will especially have to remember that if they constitute a minority on a Canadian and continental scale, they form on a Quebec scale an imposing majority which, too, can sometimes be considered worrysome by minorities. This collective status comprises responsibilities and roles to which the experimence of survival had not accustomed them.
For the French Canadians, the profit to be withdrawn from this symbolic displacement is substantial. For example: to withdraw their nationalism from the charges of ethnicism, to insert their culture in vaster horizons, to reinforce the francophonie, to put an end to any form exclusion or of discrimination. Other reasons militate in favour of the coalition project. During the last decades, Quebec chose to receive a lot of immigrants. To be consequent, it should now provide them a possibility of integration equal to that of citizens from old ascent. Moreover, Bill 101 obliges the Neo-Quebecers to be francized. Is it acceptable that at the end of this exercise, the latter be in spite of this still marginalized?
The model which this project of national coalition implies has caused some reticence which bring one to wonder what French Canadians could lose in it. Initially, let us recall that during the last two centuries, and like everywhere else, the symbolic contents of the nation never ceased moving in French Canada and Quebec. Each generation sought to redefine them to adapt them to the new data of the hour, to better reactualize, within the nation, the articulation between the heritage and the project. The same task is essential today. In what would this heritage be threatened by the displacement above mentioned? In what would it be it synonymous with uprootedness, desistance or alienation? The culture, the identity, the memory of the French Canadians will survive, but within a nationality extended, according to an intercultural dynamics. For the remainder, they will always have the protection conferred by Bill 101 and will be present in the nation because of their demographic weight (dominating), of their dynamism, their creativity, their will of assertion, the central place which they already occupy in the management of the public and private institutions. Lastly, from the perspective a Quebec nation, what prevents them from continuing to militate for the sovereignty of Quebec? And in what would this project be compromised (let us recall that, up to now, a very important resistance came from the French Canadians themselves)?
Le sort de la mémoire
La mémoire représente un important sujet d'inquiétude. De quoi s'agit-il, au juste? Jusqu'aux années récentes, l'histoire nationale a été racontée sur un mode militant, dans l'esprit de la survivance. Elle s'adressait quasi exclusivement aux Franco-Québécois, à qui il importait d'inculquer un sens de la fidélité, une volonté de continuer la lutte des anciens. Or le modèle de la nation québécoise permet de préserver pour l'essentiel la continuité de cette mémoire. Même, il permet d'en amplifier la signification et le rayonnement en faisant ressortir dans le passé franco-québécois ce qu'il a à la fois de singulier et d'universel, et en quoi il peut se prolonger dans un destin rassembleur. N'est-ce pas ainsi qu'il peut devenir pleinement accessible aux autres?
On a tort d'affirmer que les autres partenaires sont hostiles à une mémoire «qui n'est pas la leur». S'agissant par exemple des néo-Québécois, ils savent bien qu'ils sont montés dans un train en marche depuis longtemps, dont ils ne peuvent abolir ni la provenance, ni le tracé parcouru jusqu'ici. De la même façon que les immigrants ne songeraient pas à remettre en cause ces cathédrales mémorielles que sont la Révolution de 1789 en France ou l'Insurrection de 1776 aux États-Unis. Mais on perçoit ici encore la nécessité de présenter autrement la mémoire des Canadiens français: sans la diluer, mais en insistant sur ce qu'elle a de plus significatif pour le présent et pour l'avenir, et en faisant mieux voir la situation et l'action des autres Québécois dans l'évolution de cette société.
Un modèle de rechange?
Enfin, dans toute évaluation du modèle de la nation québécoise (ou de cette version du modèle), il convient d'inclure une appréciation des formules de rechange, en particulier celle qui préconise un retour à la nation canadienne-française. Cette dernière proposition conduit à structurer carrément l'intégration culturelle du Québec sur la base de l'ethnicité (puisqu'il y aurait autant de nations que de groupes ethniques) et à revendiquer formellement la position prépondérante des Canadiens français. Cette orientation suscite des inquiétudes dans la mesure où elle risque de: 1- renoncer à penser l'avenir de la francophonie à l'échelle de l'ensemble du Québec; 2- marginaliser tous les non-Canadiens français en les vouant à un statut de minoritaires (un immigrant peut se franciser, mais comment peut-il devenir Canadien français?); 3- institutionnaliser le principe de la mosaïque et du cloisonnement et créer un climat propice aux divisions, aux stéréotypes, aux tensions ethniques et raciales, à l'ethnicisme; 4- détourner la culture franco-québécoise du défi universel de la diversité; 5- faire le jeu du multiculturalisme canadien dans sa version (et son intention) trudeauiste; 6- enfermer le projet de souveraineté dans l'ethnocentrisme; 7- marquer une régression vers des formes de repli associées à l'ancien nationalisme de survivance; et enfin: 8- faire de la nation une barricade plutôt qu'un espace de rencontre.
Des tâches pressantes
Nous avons insisté jusqu'ici sur la dimension symbolique de la nation, laissant de côté les aspects politiques (l'État) et juridiques (la citoyenneté), tout aussi essentiels. Une autre dimension, sociologique, renvoie aux formes collectives à mettre en oeuvre dans le social, dans l'économique, dans le culturel. En rapport avec cette dimension, on pourrait parler d'un déficit utopique qu'il presse de combler: le cercle de la nation une fois tracé, de quoi voulons-nous le nourrir concrètement? Ou, plus simplement: comment voudra-t-on s'y prendre pour rendre cette société plus heureuse? C'est un premier chantier qui sollicite la nation québécoise. Un deuxième concerne le redressement de certains déséquilibres dans l'espace public: poursuivre les mesures qui viennent d'être adoptées pour ouvrir davantage aux autres partenaires l'embauche dans la fonction publique, achever la transformation des célébrations du 24 juin en une fête véritablement nationale (un immense travail a été fait dans cette direction récemment), déconfessionnaliser l'école. Parmi les autres tâches qui se proposent, il faudra poursuivre la réécriture de l'histoire nationale, s'activer davantage à stimuler les interactions, les partenariats entre groupes ethniques, et enfin, à travers toutes ces démarches, préciser et faire avancer la proposition de coalition nationale. Cet objectif exige, notamment, une définition claire à la fois des rapports à établir entre les partenaires, du statut qui leur est réservé et du profit que chacun peut en retirer.
Certes, la proposition et ses corollaires comportent bien des incertitudes. Ainsi, rien n'assure que les partenaires pressentis (à commencer par les Franco-Québécois) adhéreront à ce projet de coalition. Mais il faudra se donner beaucoup de temps avant de conclure à un rejet. C'est seulement à cette condition, par la force des choses en quelque sorte, que le partenaire principal pourrait être ramené à l'hypothèse d'un cavalier seul, contraint de se repenser à nouveau comme nation ethnique, au sens intégral du terme. Nous n'en sommes pas là.
Il importe de le rappeler en terminant: le cadre tracé par ce modèle d'une nation québécoise se donne comme un horizon général à concrétiser de concert et, en ce sens, il demeure ouvert à toutes les options politiques ou constitutionnelles, y compris le projet de souveraineté. À ce propos, faut-il craindre que l'échéance d'un Québec souverain soit retardée jusqu'à ce que les tâches qui viennent d'être évoquées soient achevées? Nous sommes plutôt convaincu, quant à nous, que ce modèle national ne peut pas s'accommoder du cadre fédéral et que la souveraineté est une condition nécessaire à son implantation complète. Il nous faudra y revenir. Notre objectif aujourd'hui était de délimiter un terrain commun au sein duquel chacun peut enraciner une appartenance et faire valoir ses options.
Qui est Gérard Bouchard?
Historien et sociologue, responsable du projet BALSAC, Gérard Bouchard est professeur au département des sciences humaines de l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi depuis 1971. Il a été jusqu'en juin 1998 le directeur de l'Institut interuniversitaire de recherches sur les populations (IREP), dont il a été le fondateur. Ses recherches actuelles portent sur l'étude comparée des collectivités neuves ou cultures fondatrices dans les différents territoires du Nouveau Monde (y compris l'Australie, la Nouvelle-Zélande et quelques pays d'Afrique). Auteur de nombreux travaux allant de la génétique et de la démographie à l'histoire sociale et culturelle, il a publié récemment Quelques arpents d'Amérique 1 (1996) et La nation québécoise au futur et au passé (1999), en plus de divers ouvrages collectifs.