Observation on the current state of Canada and the political dispositions of its inhabitants: Difference between revisions

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Canada is divided in two provinces (Upper and Lower Canada) and extends almost 200 miles. To preserve and defend the possession of this part of America, the English do not have more than 6,000 men in the current circumstances, several battalions having been sent this spring to the Islands. These troops are divided between [[Wikipedia:Quebec City|Quebec]] (the capital) [[Wikipedia:Ile aux Noix|Île-aux-noix]], the [[Wikipedia:Lake Champlain|Lake Champlain]], [[Wikipedia:Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec|St-Jean]], [[Wikipedia:Fort Chambly|Chambly]], [[Wikipedia:Fort Detroit|Detroit]], [[Wikipedia:Gaspé, Quebec|Gaspé]] and [[Wikipedia:Fort Michilimackinac|MisshilimaKinac]]. The government persuaded of the insufficiency of these troops to keep Canada, has had several battalions of militia raised since the [[Wikipedia:French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1793|declaration of war of France against England]]. But it would be quite a weak barrier to oppose in case of invasion; because in addition to the jealousy which reigns between the militiamen and their officers who are all dandies, it is notorious that the ''Canadiens'' are not interested in leaving their occupations to defend posts which only the King, they say, may find beneficial to preserve. And the government is so wary of the insurrectionary spirit that it did not yet give weapons to the militiamen, keeping them for just in time distribution.
Canada is divided in two provinces (Upper and Lower Canada) and extends almost 200 miles. To preserve and defend the possession of this part of America, the English do not have more than 6,000 men in the current circumstances, several battalions having been sent this spring to the Islands. These troops are divided between [[Wikipedia:Quebec City|Quebec]] (the capital) [[Wikipedia:Ile aux Noix|Île-aux-noix]], the [[Wikipedia:Lake Champlain|Lake Champlain]], [[Wikipedia:Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec|St-Jean]], [[Wikipedia:Fort Chambly|Chambly]], [[Wikipedia:Fort Detroit|Detroit]], [[Wikipedia:Gaspé, Quebec|Gaspé]] and [[Wikipedia:Fort Michilimackinac|MisshilimaKinac]]. The government persuaded of the insufficiency of these troops to keep Canada, has had several battalions of militia raised since the [[Wikipedia:French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1793|declaration of war of France against England]]. But it would be quite a weak barrier to oppose in case of invasion; because in addition to the jealousy which reigns between the militiamen and their officers who are all dandies, it is notorious that the ''Canadiens'' are not interested in leaving their occupations to defend posts which only the King, they say, may find beneficial to preserve. And the government is so wary of the insurrectionary spirit that it did not yet give weapons to the militiamen, keeping them for just in time distribution.


The ''Canadiens'' owe to the French Republic the [[Wikipedia:Constitutional Act of 1791|constitution a little less arbitrary]] than [[Wikipedia:Quebec Act|their first]], which was granted to them in 1791[1]. In both provinces of Canada, there is a [[Wikipedia:Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada|Lower House]], a [[Wikipedia:Legislative Council of Lower Canada|hereditary Senate]] and a [[Wikipedia:Governor of Lower Canada|Lieutenant governor]] holding a nice ''[[veto]]'': and it is this [[Wikipedia:hermaphrodite|hermaphrodite]] body which is responsible to make the laws. In the province of Lower Canada, the oldest and the most populated, the Lower House is almost all made up of ''Canadiens'' and one counts in it [[3 French born]] who are true [[Wikipedia:Republicanism|republicans]]. It is with delight that last winter I saw this room, in opposition with the government, order that the [[Wikipedia:Statute|statutory]] language would be the French language, ''being that of the majority''. Notwithstanding the strong ''veto'' opposed by the government, the House held on and appealed to the Parliament of England on this stupid veto. What will be the outcome? ... Nobody knows.[2] But it is easy to suppose that if the veto is not lift up, the ''Canadiens'' will have no loathing in shaking up the yoke of their stupefied tyrant.
The ''Canadiens'' owe to the French Republic the [[Wikipedia:Constitutional Act of 1791|constitution a little less arbitrary]] than [[Wikipedia:Quebec Act|their first]], which was granted to them in 1791[1]. In both provinces of Canada, there is a [[Wikipedia:Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada|Lower House]], a [[Wikipedia:Legislative Council of Lower Canada|hereditary Senate]] and a [[Wikipedia:Governor of Lower Canada|Lieutenant governor]] holding a nice ''[[Wikipedia:veto|veto]]'': and it is this [[Wikipedia:hermaphrodite|hermaphrodite]] body which is responsible to make the laws. In the province of Lower Canada, the oldest and the most populated, the Lower House is almost all made up of ''Canadiens'' and one counts in it [[3 French born]] who are true [[Wikipedia:Republicanism|republicans]]. It is with delight that last winter I saw this room, in opposition with the government, order that the [[Wikipedia:Statute|statutory]] language would be the French language, ''being that of the majority''. Notwithstanding the strong ''veto'' opposed by the government, the House held on and appealed to the Parliament of England on this stupid veto. What will be the outcome? ... Nobody knows.[2] But it is easy to suppose that if the veto is not lift up, the ''Canadiens'' will have no loathing in shaking up the yoke of their stupefied tyrant.


Independently of this reason which would induce me to have good hopes for the ''Canadiens'', there is in an infinity of other reasons which derive from the oppressive way in which they were treated of all time by the wicked English government. The first year after the [[Wikipedia:Treaty of Paris (1763)|cession]], one saw men, fathers, citizens of good consideration immediately hung, without any form of lawsuit, under the simple suspicion of non-royalism and the blood of these unfortunate victims which still runs in some ''Canadiens'', ask for revenge. Peasants were arrested and inhumanly whipped, for the sole crime of not having been able to clear their cars, collapsed in the snow under an enormous load, out of the way to give passage to an English officer walking a prostitute. House owners who strongly held on to their property because in it they had received the last embrace of their expiring fathers, were driven out of them by the infamous [[Wikipedia:Frederick Haldimand|Haldimand]], without any sort of allowance and saw their properties be used for the ornament of the avenues of the this imperious man's castle. Fifteen days drudgeries made the craftsman lose the means of providing for the daily needs of a family. We saw the English in possession of all the lucrative charges while we hardly granted honorary ones to the ''Canadiens''. Finally in addition to thousand other local circumstances, the ''Canadiens'' see, with the greatest disposition to revenge, their ports closed down to all the nations, except England and their [[Wikipedia:Fur trade|trades of fur]] and grain monopolized by this cruel mother who fixes at her will the price of these goods and forces Canada to receive her goods and her food in return.
Independently of this reason which would induce me to have good hopes for the ''Canadiens'', there is in an infinity of other reasons which derive from the oppressive way in which they were treated of all time by the wicked English government. The first year after the [[Wikipedia:Treaty of Paris (1763)|cession]], one saw men, fathers, citizens of good consideration immediately hung, without any form of lawsuit, under the simple suspicion of non-royalism and the blood of these unfortunate victims which still runs in some ''Canadiens'', ask for revenge. Peasants were arrested and inhumanly whipped, for the sole crime of not having been able to clear their cars, collapsed in the snow under an enormous load, out of the way to give passage to an English officer walking a prostitute. House owners who strongly held on to their property because in it they had received the last embrace of their expiring fathers, were driven out of them by the infamous [[Wikipedia:Frederick Haldimand|Haldimand]], without any sort of allowance and saw their properties be used for the ornament of the avenues of the this imperious man's castle. Fifteen days drudgeries made the craftsman lose the means of providing for the daily needs of a family. We saw the English in possession of all the lucrative charges while we hardly granted honorary ones to the ''Canadiens''. Finally in addition to thousand other local circumstances, the ''Canadiens'' see, with the greatest disposition to revenge, their ports closed down to all the nations, except England and their [[Wikipedia:Fur trade|trades of fur]] and grain monopolized by this cruel mother who fixes at her will the price of these goods and forces Canada to receive her goods and her food in return.
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Voilà, citizen minister, the state and dispositions of the Canadiens. I could have particularized the English forces, by specifying [the location of] the various forts; but it will be enough to observe that they are about the same as those which existed under the French government, except for Quebec, the capital, whose fortifications were since augmented.
Voilà, citizen minister, the state and dispositions of the Canadiens. I could have particularized the English forces, by specifying [the location of] the various forts; but it will be enough to observe that they are about the same as those which existed under the French government, except for Quebec, the capital, whose fortifications were since augmented.


If I did not put any order in my narration, I flatter myself that at least it does not lack in frankness nor impartiality. In case you need further details, I will give them in person and I will be at your disposal at any hour of the day. If a generous feelings, the fruit of the touching interest which France take in the happiness of peoples, urged the [[National Convention]] to break the shameful irons in which groan sons of Frenchmen, sold by a king, citizen minister, you will reward my good citizenship by giving me the occasion to join myself to their brave liberators, to avenge them, or to die gloriously as a combatant of freedom and equality. I have no other passion but that one, except this sincere regard one must have for the virtue and patriotism proclaimed by the public voice; and the recognition due to a man who accommodated me as a brother and effectively proved me, by his behaviour, that I did not run after a phantom, when I left my country, without any other resource but my courage, to seek in the arms of the French the freedom of which I could not see any trace in Canada.
If I did not put any order in my narration, I flatter myself that at least it does not lack in frankness nor impartiality. In case you need further details, I will give them in person and I will be at your disposal at any hour of the day. If a generous feelings, the fruit of the touching interest which France take in the happiness of peoples, urged the [[Wikipedia:National Convention|National Convention]] to break the shameful irons in which groan sons of Frenchmen, sold by a king, citizen minister, you will reward my good citizenship by giving me the occasion to join myself to their brave liberators, to avenge them, or to die gloriously as a combatant of freedom and equality. I have no other passion but that one, except this sincere regard one must have for the virtue and patriotism proclaimed by the public voice; and the recognition due to a man who accommodated me as a brother and effectively proved me, by his behaviour, that I did not run after a phantom, when I left my country, without any other resource but my courage, to seek in the arms of the French the freedom of which I could not see any trace in Canada.


June 12 1793, Year 2 of the French Republic
June 12 1793, Year 2 of the French Republic

Revision as of 04:22, 29 March 2007

Observation on the current state of Canada and the political dispositions of its inhabitants, submitted,

to the citizen Genêt,
plenipotentiary minister of the French Republic to the United States of America

Citizen,

Canada is divided in two provinces (Upper and Lower Canada) and extends almost 200 miles. To preserve and defend the possession of this part of America, the English do not have more than 6,000 men in the current circumstances, several battalions having been sent this spring to the Islands. These troops are divided between Quebec (the capital) Île-aux-noix, the Lake Champlain, St-Jean, Chambly, Detroit, Gaspé and MisshilimaKinac. The government persuaded of the insufficiency of these troops to keep Canada, has had several battalions of militia raised since the declaration of war of France against England. But it would be quite a weak barrier to oppose in case of invasion; because in addition to the jealousy which reigns between the militiamen and their officers who are all dandies, it is notorious that the Canadiens are not interested in leaving their occupations to defend posts which only the King, they say, may find beneficial to preserve. And the government is so wary of the insurrectionary spirit that it did not yet give weapons to the militiamen, keeping them for just in time distribution.

The Canadiens owe to the French Republic the constitution a little less arbitrary than their first, which was granted to them in 1791[1]. In both provinces of Canada, there is a Lower House, a hereditary Senate and a Lieutenant governor holding a nice veto: and it is this hermaphrodite body which is responsible to make the laws. In the province of Lower Canada, the oldest and the most populated, the Lower House is almost all made up of Canadiens and one counts in it 3 French born who are true republicans. It is with delight that last winter I saw this room, in opposition with the government, order that the statutory language would be the French language, being that of the majority. Notwithstanding the strong veto opposed by the government, the House held on and appealed to the Parliament of England on this stupid veto. What will be the outcome? ... Nobody knows.[2] But it is easy to suppose that if the veto is not lift up, the Canadiens will have no loathing in shaking up the yoke of their stupefied tyrant.

Independently of this reason which would induce me to have good hopes for the Canadiens, there is in an infinity of other reasons which derive from the oppressive way in which they were treated of all time by the wicked English government. The first year after the cession, one saw men, fathers, citizens of good consideration immediately hung, without any form of lawsuit, under the simple suspicion of non-royalism and the blood of these unfortunate victims which still runs in some Canadiens, ask for revenge. Peasants were arrested and inhumanly whipped, for the sole crime of not having been able to clear their cars, collapsed in the snow under an enormous load, out of the way to give passage to an English officer walking a prostitute. House owners who strongly held on to their property because in it they had received the last embrace of their expiring fathers, were driven out of them by the infamous Haldimand, without any sort of allowance and saw their properties be used for the ornament of the avenues of the this imperious man's castle. Fifteen days drudgeries made the craftsman lose the means of providing for the daily needs of a family. We saw the English in possession of all the lucrative charges while we hardly granted honorary ones to the Canadiens. Finally in addition to thousand other local circumstances, the Canadiens see, with the greatest disposition to revenge, their ports closed down to all the nations, except England and their trades of fur and grain monopolized by this cruel mother who fixes at her will the price of these goods and forces Canada to receive her goods and her food in return.

It is to this disposal to revenge that the Americans, in their last expedition against Canada owe the hospitality that they received there. Major Brown had but a small number of men with him and was without food and money, when he received the order of the Congress to advance towards the border. Hardly just entered in the colony he found everywhere help and friends. Assisted by the Canadiens, he seized the various posts successively and soon colonels Livengston, Duggan and Hazen commanded considerable corps of Canadien militiamen: so much that it was over with the stupefied George in Canada, had not suddenly arrived in the harbour of the St-Laurent river an English fleet carrying eight thousand troops at the orders of Bourgoyne: which, combined to the lack of weapons and ammunition the Congress had promised and never came, forced the Americans to give up the battle.

Since that period, the wicked English government, instead of reconciling the inhabitants by softness, has embittered them by new acts of oppression. The partisans of the Americans were obliged to flee and those who remained, were tied up and sent to England. One confiscated the goods of various people and the courts pushed the royal rage to the point of nonsuiting private individuals of their actions, on the sole principle that they were suspected of being rebels and deserving consequently to lose their goods. Cazeau, du Calvet, Jautard, Mesplet, Lusignan and several others still alive suffered these horrors.

One could object the ignorance of the Canadiens as an obstacle to becoming free, their priests, their prejudices. To this I answer that one has a very imperfect idea of the inhabitants. Those of the cities are in possession of all the philosophical works; they read them with passion, as well as the French gazettes, the Declaration of the rights of man and the patriotic songs. They learn how those by heart to sing them at the opening of a Club de patriotes where last year one counted more than 200 citizens. This club even defied the government by publicly discussing the affairs of France, something which, the day before, had been prohibited by a proclamation. The priests in the cities are considered as they should be, I mean to say, as infamous impostors who make use of lies for their own interests; and one looks this race passing by with as little respect as a herd of pigs. I will not speak of this other caste of despicable and scorned men who style themselves nobles; the poor wretches do not exceed ten in number and their ignorance and their gueusery are pitiful. Lastly, I dare statem that the French revolution has electrified the Canadiens and in one year enlightened them on their natural rights more so than one century of reading could not have accomplished. Even since the declaration of the war of France against England, such is progress that the Canadiens made in reason, that they do not fear to publicly wish that the French win. Each day, they assemble in the cities in small groups, tell each other the news, are delighted when they are favorable to the French and are afflicted (but do not despair) when they are bad for them.

I swear that the Canadiens love the French; that the death of the Capet tyrant has upset only the priests and the government which fear the transplantation of a guillotine in Canada. I affirm that the Canadiens would rather be chop up than to give but a single rifle shot on Frenchmen who would come to offer them freedom; I say more, I say that they would receive it with recognition and that they would be worthy to enjoy it by their courage to defend it. There are only in the province of Lower Canada sixty thousand valiant and robust Canadiens, in a position to crush, on any signal, all the rapacious English who do not exceed (troops included) a number of 24,000 men.

But for a greater certainty of success, in case the French Republic wished to free her brothers, it would be very easy, by means of the right people, to distribute an address in Canada to all the inhabitants in which we would expose to the people the evils that it suffered since the cession; the oppression of the wicked English government; their brothers inhumanly sacrificed to its suspicions and its revenge, their trade monopolized by an unbelievable trickery; finally the absence of the arts and the belles-lettres which we would attribute to the homicidal policy of England. To this tableau one would oppose a painting of the advantages which trade and letters would receive from the opening of the ports of Canada to all nations; softnesses that there is to make the law by oneself, without being subject to the insolentissime veto of a capricious good-for-nothing who shuts the mouth to a whole people; the charges to which the Canadiens could fill under a free constitution; finally, one would promise the protection of the French to them, if, rising as they did from their lethargy, they courageously wanted to make the sovereignty of their nation succeed to the sovereignty of George 3 (and the last, I hope) who, according to even the testimonies of his own Parliament and of his doctors, is an idiot, a non compos mentis. But we must be wary to publish this address only at the very moment of the arrival of the French forces on the borders of Canada; because in giving it too early, one would run the risk to see, in the intermediary, the ardour which it could have given birth to, die out.

Voilà, citizen minister, the state and dispositions of the Canadiens. I could have particularized the English forces, by specifying [the location of] the various forts; but it will be enough to observe that they are about the same as those which existed under the French government, except for Quebec, the capital, whose fortifications were since augmented.

If I did not put any order in my narration, I flatter myself that at least it does not lack in frankness nor impartiality. In case you need further details, I will give them in person and I will be at your disposal at any hour of the day. If a generous feelings, the fruit of the touching interest which France take in the happiness of peoples, urged the National Convention to break the shameful irons in which groan sons of Frenchmen, sold by a king, citizen minister, you will reward my good citizenship by giving me the occasion to join myself to their brave liberators, to avenge them, or to die gloriously as a combatant of freedom and equality. I have no other passion but that one, except this sincere regard one must have for the virtue and patriotism proclaimed by the public voice; and the recognition due to a man who accommodated me as a brother and effectively proved me, by his behaviour, that I did not run after a phantom, when I left my country, without any other resource but my courage, to seek in the arms of the French the freedom of which I could not see any trace in Canada.

June 12 1793, Year 2 of the French Republic Henry-Antoine Mézière

Notes and comments

  1. Voir la communication entre Grenville et Carleton pour s'en convaincre.
  2. L'issue a été de faire de la langue anglaise la langue statuante, mais de permettre une traduction française.